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1
_sources/comparison/ld/index.md.txt
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@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
:caption: Linked Data
:maxdepth: 1
rdf
solid
ld_fragments
ld_platform

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```{index} RDF
```
# RDF and Friends
RDF is one of the elephants in the room when it comes to triplet graphs and linked data. Its history is complex and torrid, known as hopelessly and aggressively complex or a divine calling, depending on your disposition.
**p2p-ld does not necessarily seek to be an RDF-based p2p protocol,** though strategizing for interoperability with RDF and RDF-derivative formats would be nice.
One of the primary challenges to using RDF-like formats is the conflation of URLs and URIs as the primary identifiers for schema and objects. This idea (roughly) maps onto the "neat" characterization of linked data where everything should have ideally one canonical representation, and there should be a handful of "correct" general-purpose schema capable of modeling the world.
We depart from that vision, instead favoring radical vernacularism {cite}`saundersSurveillanceGraphs2023`. URIs are extremely general, and include decentralized identifiers like {index}`multiaddrs <IPFS; Multiaddr>`
## RDF And Friends
RDF has a lot of formats and
```{index} JSON-LD
```
### JSON-LD
## Challenges
### Tabular and Array Data
```{important}
See https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/isg/challenges/sem-tab/
```
The edges from a node in a graph are unordered, which makes array and tabular data difficult to work with in RDF!
This has been approached in a few ways:
**RDF** uses a [godforsaken `rdf:first` `rdf:rest` linked list syntax](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-schema/#ch_collectionvocab)
eg. one would express `MyList` which contains the `Friends` `["Arnold", "Bob", "Carly"]` in (longhand) turtle as
```turtle
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix : <https://example.com> .
:MyList :Friends :list1 .
:list1
rdf:first :Amy ;
rdf:rest :list2 .
:list2
rdf:first :Bob ;
rdf:rest :list3 .
:list3
rdf:first :Carly ;
rdf:rest rdf:nil .
```
And thankfully turtle has a shorthand, which isn't so bad:
```turtle
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix : <https://example.com> .
:MyList
:Friends (
:Amy
:Bob
:Carly
).
```
Both of these correspond to the triplet graph:
```{mermaid}
flowchart LR
MyList
list1
list2
list3
nil
Amy
Bob
Carly
MyList -->|Friends| list1
list1 -->|rest| list2
list2 -->|rest| list3
list3 -->|rest| nil
list1 -->|first| Amy
list2 -->|first| Bob
list3 -->|first| Carly
```
Which is not great.
**{index}`JSON-LD`** uses a `@list` keyword:
```jsonld
{
"@context": {"foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"},
"@id": "http://example.org/people#joebob",
"foaf:nick": {
"@list": [ "joe", "bob", "jaybee" ]
},
}
```
which can be expanded recursively to [mimic arrays](https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11/#example-84-coordinates-expressed-in-json-ld)
`````{tab-set}
````{tab-item} JSON-LD
```jsonld
{
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://purl.org/geojson/vocab#",
"coordinates": {"@container": "@list"}
},
"geometry": {
"coordinates": [
[
[-10.0, -10.0],
[10.0, -10.0],
[10.0, 10.0],
[-10.0, -10.0]
]
]
}
}
```
````
````{tab-item} Turtle
```turtle
@prefix geojson: <https://purl.org/geojson/vocab#>.
[
a geojson:Feature ;
geojson:bbox (-10 -10 10 10) ;
geojson:geometry [
a geojson:Polygon ;
geojson:coordinates (
(
(-10 -10)
(10 -10)
(10 10)
(-10 -10)
)
)
]
] .
```
````
`````
### Naming
- All names have to be global. Relative names must resolve to a global name via contexts/prefixes. The alternative is blank nodes, which are treated as equivalent in eg. graph merges. Probably here enters pattern matching or whatever those things are called.
- Blank nodes and skolemization https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/#skolemization-informative
## References
- [RDF 1.1 Primer](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/)
- W3C Recommendation on generating RDF from tabular data: {cite}`tandyGeneratingRDFTabular2015`
- {index}`JSON Schema` in RDF: {cite}`charpenayJSONSchemaRDF2023`
- [Turtle](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-turtle/)
- [N-ary relations in RDF](https://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/)
- [RDF 1.1 Semantics](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/)
### Libraries
- [jsonld.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/jsonld.js)
- [rdf-canonize-native](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/rdf-canonize-native)
- [biolink-model](https://github.com/biolink/biolink-model) for a nice example of generating multiple schema formats from a .yaml file.
- [linkml](https://linkml.io/) - modeling language for linked data {cite}`moxonLinkedDataModeling2021`
- Multidimensional arrays in linkml https://linkml.io/linkml/howtos/multidimensional-arrays.html
- [oaklib](https://incatools.github.io/ontology-access-kit/index.html) - python package for managing ontologies
- [rdflib](https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib) - maybe the canonical python rdf library
### See Also
- [HYDRA vocabulary](https://www.hydra-cg.com/spec/latest/core/) - Linked Data plus REST
- [CORAL](https://github.com/jmchandonia/CORAL)

8
_sources/comparison/p2p/ipfs.md.txt
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@ -17,6 +17,14 @@ If IPFS is {index}`BitTorrent` + {index}`git`, and {index}`ActivityPub` is {inde
(IPLD)=
### IPLD
```{index} IPFS; Multiformats
```
### Multiformats
- https://ipfs.io/ipns/multiformats.io/
- {index}`IPFS; Multihash` - https://ipfs.io/ipns/multiformats.io/multihash/
- {index}`IPFS; Multicodec` - https://github.com/multiformats/multicodec
```{index} IPFS; libp2p
```
(libp2p)=

17
_sources/data_structures.md.txt
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@ -10,6 +10,13 @@ Triplet graphs similar to linked data fragments with envelopes. decoupling conte
(Containers)=
## Containers
```{important}
Ya this seems like the right set of ideas to build on
- https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-framing/
- https://w3c.github.io/rdf-canon/spec/#introduction
```
- Packets of LD-triplets that contain
- Hash of triplets
- Encryption Info (if applicable)
@ -66,4 +73,14 @@ Describes
- A given container has an identity hash from its first packing
- A given triple can be contained by
## Canonicalization
- https://w3c.github.io/rdf-canon/spec/#introduction
- https://json-ld.org/spec/ED/rdf-graph-normalization/20111016/
- https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-framing/
## Compare to:
- {index}`CORAL` - https://github.com/jmchandonia/CORAL
- Good idea, also making use of extended context. Very focused on scientific data - 'units' are a core part of the model. distinction between static and dynamic data types seems like sort of a hack. data bricks are similar to containers. the source is an absolute mess.

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_sources/translation.md.txt
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# Translation
A toolkit for writing translations between formats and schemas!
A toolkit for writing translations between formats and schemas!
## See also
- https://linkml.io/schema-automator/introduction.html#generalization-from-instance-data
- https://apps.islab.ntua.gr/d2rml/tr/d2rml/

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var sd_labels_by_text = {};
function ready() {
const li = document.getElementsByClassName("sd-tab-label");
for (const label of li) {
syncId = label.getAttribute("data-sync-id");
if (syncId) {
label.onclick = onLabelClick;
if (!sd_labels_by_text[syncId]) {
sd_labels_by_text[syncId] = [];
}
sd_labels_by_text[syncId].push(label);
}
}
}
function onLabelClick() {
// Activate other inputs with the same sync id.
syncId = this.getAttribute("data-sync-id");
for (label of sd_labels_by_text[syncId]) {
if (label === this) continue;
label.previousElementSibling.checked = true;
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window.localStorage.setItem("sphinx-design-last-tab", syncId);
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var sd_labels_by_text = {};
function ready() {
const li = document.getElementsByClassName("sd-tab-label");
for (const label of li) {
syncId = label.getAttribute("data-sync-id");
if (syncId) {
label.onclick = onLabelClick;
if (!sd_labels_by_text[syncId]) {
sd_labels_by_text[syncId] = [];
}
sd_labels_by_text[syncId].push(label);
}
}
}
function onLabelClick() {
// Activate other inputs with the same sync id.
syncId = this.getAttribute("data-sync-id");
for (label of sd_labels_by_text[syncId]) {
if (label === this) continue;
label.previousElementSibling.checked = true;
}
window.localStorage.setItem("sphinx-design-last-tab", syncId);
}
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", ready, false);

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<title>Adapter - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" />
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@ -176,6 +177,7 @@
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../comparison/ld/index.html">Linked Data</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-4" name="toctree-checkbox-4" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-4"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Linked Data</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../comparison/ld/rdf.html">RDF and Friends</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../comparison/ld/solid.html">SOLID</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../comparison/ld/ld_fragments.html">Linked Data Fragments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../comparison/ld/ld_platform.html">Linked Data Platform</a></li>
@ -326,5 +328,6 @@
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@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
<title>11. Backwards Compatibility - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css" />
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@ -176,6 +177,7 @@
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</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="comparison/ld/index.html">Linked Data</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-4" name="toctree-checkbox-4" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-4"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Linked Data</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="comparison/ld/rdf.html">RDF and Friends</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="comparison/ld/solid.html">SOLID</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="comparison/ld/ld_fragments.html">Linked Data Fragments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="comparison/ld/ld_platform.html">Linked Data Platform</a></li>
@ -366,5 +368,6 @@
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<title>DMC - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../_static/pygments.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../_static/styles/furo.css?digest=e6660623a769aa55fea372102b9bf3151b292993" />
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@ -176,6 +177,7 @@
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../ld/index.html">Linked Data</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-4" name="toctree-checkbox-4" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-4"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Linked Data</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../ld/rdf.html">RDF and Friends</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../ld/solid.html">SOLID</a></li>
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@ -315,5 +317,6 @@
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comparison/data/eris.html
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@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
<title>ERIS - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../_static/pygments.css" />
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@ -176,6 +177,7 @@
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../ld/solid.html">SOLID</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../ld/ld_fragments.html">Linked Data Fragments</a></li>
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@ -315,5 +317,6 @@
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@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
<title>Data Structures - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../_static/pygments.css" />
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@ -176,6 +177,7 @@
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<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="../ld/index.html">Linked Data</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-4" name="toctree-checkbox-4" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-4"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Linked Data</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../ld/solid.html">SOLID</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../ld/ld_fragments.html">Linked Data Fragments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../ld/ld_platform.html">Linked Data Platform</a></li>
@ -320,5 +322,6 @@
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comparison/index.html
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@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
<title>Comparison - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" />
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@ -176,6 +177,7 @@
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</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="ld/index.html">Linked Data</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-4" name="toctree-checkbox-4" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-4"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Linked Data</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ld/rdf.html">RDF and Friends</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ld/solid.html">SOLID</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ld/ld_fragments.html">Linked Data Fragments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ld/ld_platform.html">Linked Data Platform</a></li>
@ -278,6 +280,7 @@
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ld/index.html">Linked Data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ld/rdf.html">RDF and Friends</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ld/solid.html">SOLID</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ld/ld_fragments.html">Linked Data Fragments</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ld/ld_platform.html">Linked Data Platform</a></li>
@ -396,5 +399,6 @@
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@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
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@ -261,6 +263,7 @@
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<title>Linked Data Fragments - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
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@ -260,7 +262,7 @@
<span id="index-0"></span><h1>Linked Data Fragments<a class="headerlink" href="#linked-data-fragments" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../../data_structures.html#containers"><span class="std std-ref">Containers</span></a> are one example of:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>However, we envision that different kinds of ldf partitionings will emerge, and that these might even vary dynamically depending on server load. Perhaps a semantic way to express the data, metadata, and hypermedia controls of each fragment will be necessary. -<span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id11" title="Ruben Verborgh, Sam Coppens, Miel Vander Sande, Erik Mannens, Pieter Colpaert, and Rik Van de Walle. Web-Scale Querying through Linked Data Fragments. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data on the Web. 2014-04-08.">Verborgh <em>et al.</em>, 2014</a>]</span></p>
<div><p>However, we envision that different kinds of ldf partitionings will emerge, and that these might even vary dynamically depending on server load. Perhaps a semantic way to express the data, metadata, and hypermedia controls of each fragment will be necessary. -<span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id18" title="Ruben Verborgh, Sam Coppens, Miel Vander Sande, Erik Mannens, Pieter Colpaert, and Rik Van de Walle. Web-Scale Querying through Linked Data Fragments. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data on the Web. 2014-04-08.">Verborgh <em>et al.</em>, 2014</a>]</span></p>
</div></blockquote>
<section id="summary">
<h2>Summary<a class="headerlink" href="#summary" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
@ -296,8 +298,8 @@
<li><p>Homepage: <a class="reference external" href="https://linkeddatafragments.org/">https://linkeddatafragments.org/</a></p></li>
<li><p>Papers:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Original conference paper: <span id="id3">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id11" title="Ruben Verborgh, Sam Coppens, Miel Vander Sande, Erik Mannens, Pieter Colpaert, and Rik Van de Walle. Web-Scale Querying through Linked Data Fragments. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data on the Web. 2014-04-08.">Verborgh <em>et al.</em>, 2014</a>]</span></p></li>
<li><p><span id="id4">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id10" title="Ruben Verborgh, Miel Vander Sande, Olaf Hartig, Joachim Van Herwegen, Laurens De Vocht, Ben De Meester, Gerald Haesendonck, and Pieter Colpaert. Triple Pattern Fragments: A low-cost knowledge graph interface for the Web. Journal of Web Semantics, 37–38:184–206, 2016-03. URL: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570826816000214 (visited on 2023-06-08), doi:10.1016/j.websem.2016.03.003.">Verborgh <em>et al.</em>, 2016</a>]</span></p></li>
<li><p>Original conference paper: <span id="id3">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id18" title="Ruben Verborgh, Sam Coppens, Miel Vander Sande, Erik Mannens, Pieter Colpaert, and Rik Van de Walle. Web-Scale Querying through Linked Data Fragments. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data on the Web. 2014-04-08.">Verborgh <em>et al.</em>, 2014</a>]</span></p></li>
<li><p><span id="id4">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id17" title="Ruben Verborgh, Miel Vander Sande, Olaf Hartig, Joachim Van Herwegen, Laurens De Vocht, Ben De Meester, Gerald Haesendonck, and Pieter Colpaert. Triple Pattern Fragments: A low-cost knowledge graph interface for the Web. Journal of Web Semantics, 37–38:184–206, 2016-03. URL: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1570826816000214 (visited on 2023-06-08), doi:10.1016/j.websem.2016.03.003.">Verborgh <em>et al.</em>, 2016</a>]</span></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Specification: <a class="reference external" href="https://linkeddatafragments.org/specification/triple-pattern-fragments/">Triple Pattern Fragments</a></p></li>
@ -306,7 +308,7 @@
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<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id2">1</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>See the history of the early to middle semantic web, discussed in <span id="id5">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id9" title="Jonny L. Saunders. Surveillance Graphs. 2023-04-02T00:00:00+00:00. URL: https://jon-e.net/surveillance-graphs (visited on 2023-06-08), arXiv:hc:54749, doi:10.17613/syv8-cp10.">Saunders, 2023</a>]</span></p>
<p>See the history of the early to middle semantic web, discussed in <span id="id5">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id14" title="Jonny L. Saunders. Surveillance Graphs. 2023-04-02T00:00:00+00:00. URL: https://jon-e.net/surveillance-graphs (visited on 2023-06-08), arXiv:hc:54749, doi:10.17613/syv8-cp10.">Saunders, 2023</a>]</span></p>
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<section id="rdf-and-friends">
<span id="index-0"></span><h1>RDF and Friends<a class="headerlink" href="#rdf-and-friends" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>RDF is one of the elephants in the room when it comes to triplet graphs and linked data. Its history is complex and torrid, known as hopelessly and aggressively complex or a divine calling, depending on your disposition.</p>
<p><strong>p2p-ld does not necessarily seek to be an RDF-based p2p protocol,</strong> though strategizing for interoperability with RDF and RDF-derivative formats would be nice.</p>
<p>One of the primary challenges to using RDF-like formats is the conflation of URLs and URIs as the primary identifiers for schema and objects. This idea (roughly) maps onto the “neat” characterization of linked data where everything should have ideally one canonical representation, and there should be a handful of “correct” general-purpose schema capable of modeling the world.</p>
<p>We depart from that vision, instead favoring radical vernacularism <span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id14" title="Jonny L. Saunders. Surveillance Graphs. 2023-04-02T00:00:00+00:00. URL: https://jon-e.net/surveillance-graphs (visited on 2023-06-08), arXiv:hc:54749, doi:10.17613/syv8-cp10.">Saunders, 2023</a>]</span>. URIs are extremely general, and include decentralized identifiers like <span class="target" id="index-1"></span>multiaddrs</p>
<section id="id2">
<h2>RDF And Friends<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>RDF has a lot of formats and</p>
<section id="json-ld">
<span id="index-2"></span><h3>JSON-LD<a class="headerlink" href="#json-ld" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
</section>
</section>
<section id="challenges">
<h2>Challenges<a class="headerlink" href="#challenges" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<section id="tabular-and-array-data">
<h3>Tabular and Array Data<a class="headerlink" href="#tabular-and-array-data" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="admonition-title">Important</p>
<p>See <a class="reference external" href="https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/isg/challenges/sem-tab/">https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/isg/challenges/sem-tab/</a></p>
</div>
<p>The edges from a node in a graph are unordered, which makes array and tabular data difficult to work with in RDF!</p>
<p>This has been approached in a few ways:</p>
<p><strong>RDF</strong> uses a <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">godforsaken <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rdf:first</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rdf:rest</span></code> linked list syntax</a></p>
<p>eg. one would express <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MyList</span></code> which contains the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Friends</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[&quot;Arnold&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;Bob&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;Carly&quot;]</span></code> in (longhand) turtle as</p>
<div class="highlight-turtle notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">rdf:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&lt;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span>
<span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&lt;https://example.com&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span>
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">MyList</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Friends</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list1</span> <span class="p">.</span>
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list1</span>
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">first</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Amy</span> <span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">rest</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list2</span> <span class="p">.</span>
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list2</span>
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">first</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Bob</span> <span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">rest</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list3</span> <span class="p">.</span>
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list3</span>
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">first</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Carly</span> <span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">rest</span> <span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">nil</span> <span class="p">.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And thankfully turtle has a shorthand, which isn’t so bad:</p>
<div class="highlight-turtle notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">rdf:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&lt;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span>
<span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&lt;https://example.com&gt;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span>
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">MyList</span>
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Friends</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Amy</span>
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Bob</span>
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Carly</span>
<span class="p">).</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Both of these correspond to the triplet graph:</p>
<div class="mermaid">
flowchart LR
MyList
list1
list2
list3
nil
Amy
Bob
Carly
MyList --&gt;|Friends| list1
list1 --&gt;|rest| list2
list2 --&gt;|rest| list3
list3 --&gt;|rest| nil
list1 --&gt;|first| Amy
list2 --&gt;|first| Bob
list3 --&gt;|first| Carly
</div><p>Which is not great.</p>
<p><strong><span class="target" id="index-3"></span>JSON-LD</strong> uses a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;list</span></code> keyword:</p>
<div class="highlight-jsonld notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">&quot;@context&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nt">&quot;foaf&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/&quot;</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">&quot;@id&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;http://example.org/people#joebob&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;foaf:nick&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">&quot;@list&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;joe&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;bob&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;jaybee&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>which can be expanded recursively to <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11/#example-84-coordinates-expressed-in-json-ld">mimic arrays</a></p>
<div class="sd-tab-set docutils">
<input checked="checked" id="sd-tab-item-0" name="sd-tab-set-0" type="radio">
</input><label class="sd-tab-label" for="sd-tab-item-0">
JSON-LD</label><div class="sd-tab-content docutils">
<div class="highlight-jsonld notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">&quot;@context&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">&quot;@vocab&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;https://purl.org/geojson/vocab#&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;coordinates&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nd">&quot;@container&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;@list&quot;</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;geometry&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;coordinates&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">-10.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">-10.0</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">10.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">-10.0</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">10.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10.0</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">-10.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">-10.0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="sd-tab-item-1" name="sd-tab-set-0" type="radio">
</input><label class="sd-tab-label" for="sd-tab-item-1">
Turtle</label><div class="sd-tab-content docutils">
<div class="highlight-turtle notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">geojson:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">&lt;https://purl.org/geojson/vocab#&gt;</span><span class="p">.</span>
<span class="p">[</span>
<span class="kt">a</span> <span class="nn">geojson</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Feature</span> <span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nn">geojson</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">bbox</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">-10</span> <span class="mi">-10</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nn">geojson</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">geometry</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="kt">a</span> <span class="nn">geojson</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Polygon</span> <span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nn">geojson</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">coordinates</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="p">(</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">-10</span> <span class="mi">-10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span> <span class="mi">-10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">-10</span> <span class="mi">-10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="naming">
<h3>Naming<a class="headerlink" href="#naming" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>All names have to be global. Relative names must resolve to a global name via contexts/prefixes. The alternative is blank nodes, which are treated as equivalent in eg. graph merges. Probably here enters pattern matching or whatever those things are called.</p></li>
<li><p>Blank nodes and skolemization <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/#skolemization-informative">https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/#skolemization-informative</a></p></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section id="references">
<h2>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/">RDF 1.1 Primer</a></p></li>
<li><p>W3C Recommendation on generating RDF from tabular data: <span id="id3">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id16" title="Jeremy Tandy, Ivan Herman, and Gregg Kellogg. Generating RDF from Tabular Data on the Web. 2015-12-17. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/csv2rdf/ (visited on 2023-06-28).">Tandy <em>et al.</em>, 2015</a>]</span></p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="index-4"></span>JSON Schema in RDF: <span id="id4">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id2" title="Victor Charpenay, Maxime Lefrançois, and María Poveda Villalón. JSON Schema in RDF. 2023-06-14. URL: https://www.w3.org/2019/wot/json-schema (visited on 2023-06-28).">Charpenay <em>et al.</em>, 2023</a>]</span></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-turtle/">Turtle</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/">N-ary relations in RDF</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/">RDF 1.1 Semantics</a></p></li>
</ul>
<section id="libraries">
<h3>Libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#libraries" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/digitalbazaar/jsonld.js">jsonld.js</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/digitalbazaar/rdf-canonize-native">rdf-canonize-native</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/biolink/biolink-model">biolink-model</a> for a nice example of generating multiple schema formats from a .yaml file.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://linkml.io/">linkml</a> - modeling language for linked data <span id="id5">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id10" title="Sierra Moxon, Harold Solbrig, Deepak Unni, Dazhi Jiao, Richard Bruskiewich, James Balhoff, Gaurav Vaidya, William Duncan, Harshad Hegde, Mark Miller, Matthew Brush, Nomi Harris, Melissa Haendel, and Christopher Mungall. The linked data modeling language (linkml): a general-purpose data modeling framework grounded in machine-readable semantics. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings, volume 3073, 148–151. CEUR-WS, 2021. URL: https://pure.johnshopkins.edu/en/publications/the-linked-data-modeling-language-linkml-a-general-purpose-data-m (visited on 2023-06-28).">Moxon <em>et al.</em>, 2021</a>]</span></p>
<ul>
<li><p>Multidimensional arrays in linkml <a class="reference external" href="https://linkml.io/linkml/howtos/multidimensional-arrays.html">https://linkml.io/linkml/howtos/multidimensional-arrays.html</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://incatools.github.io/ontology-access-kit/index.html">oaklib</a> - python package for managing ontologies</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib">rdflib</a> - maybe the canonical python rdf library</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="see-also">
<h3>See Also<a class="headerlink" href="#see-also" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.hydra-cg.com/spec/latest/core/">HYDRA vocabulary</a> - Linked Data plus REST</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/jmchandonia/CORAL">CORAL</a></p></li>
</ul>
</section>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">RDF and Friends</a><ul>
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@ -307,14 +309,14 @@
<p>The bifurcated tracker/peer structure makes the overall system remarkably <em>resilient</em>. The trackers don’t host any infringing content themselves, they just organize the metadata for finding it, so they are relatively long-lived and inexpensive to start compared to more resource- and risk-intensive piracy vectors. If they are shut down, the peers can continue to share amongst themselves through DHT, Peer Exchange, and any other trackers that are specified in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.torrent</span></code> files. When a successor pops up, the members of the old tracker can then re-collect the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.torrent</span></code> files from the prior site, and without needing a massive re-upload of data to a centralized server repopulate the new site.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p>See more detailed discussion re: lessons from BitTorrent Trackers for social infrastructure in “<a class="reference external" href="https://jon-e.net/infrastructure/#archives-need-communities">Archives Need Communities</a>” in <span id="id3">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id8" title="Jonny L. Saunders. Decentralized Infrastructure for (Neuro)science. 2022-08-31. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07493 (visited on 2023-03-01), arXiv:2209.07493, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2209.07493.">Saunders, 2022</a>]</span></p>
<p>See more detailed discussion re: lessons from BitTorrent Trackers for social infrastructure in “<a class="reference external" href="https://jon-e.net/infrastructure/#archives-need-communities">Archives Need Communities</a>” in <span id="id3">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id13" title="Jonny L. Saunders. Decentralized Infrastructure for (Neuro)science. 2022-08-31. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07493 (visited on 2023-03-01), arXiv:2209.07493, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2209.07493.">Saunders, 2022</a>]</span></p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="protocol">
<h3>Protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#protocol" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>Peers that have been referred to one another from a tracker or other means start by attempting to make a connection with a ‘handshake’ that specifies the peer is connecting with BitTorrent and any other protocol extensions it supports.</p>
<p>There are a number of subtleties in the transfer protocol, but it can be broadly summarized as a series of steps where peers tell each other which pieces they have, which they are interested in, and then sharing them amongst themselves.</p>
<p>Though not explicitly in the protocol spec, two prominent design decisions are worth mentioning (See eg. <span id="id4">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id5" title="Arnaud Legout, G. Urvoy-Keller, and P. Michiardi. Rarest first and choke algorithms are enough. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCOMM on Internet Measurement - IMC '06, 203. ACM Press, 2006. URL: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1177080.1177106 (visited on 2018-11-09), doi:10.1145/1177080.1177106.">Legout <em>et al.</em>, 2006</a>]</span> for additional discussion).</p>
<p>Though not explicitly in the protocol spec, two prominent design decisions are worth mentioning (See eg. <span id="id4">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id8" title="Arnaud Legout, G. Urvoy-Keller, and P. Michiardi. Rarest first and choke algorithms are enough. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCOMM on Internet Measurement - IMC '06, 203. ACM Press, 2006. URL: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1177080.1177106 (visited on 2018-11-09), doi:10.1145/1177080.1177106.">Legout <em>et al.</em>, 2006</a>]</span> for additional discussion).</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>Peer Selection:</strong> Which peers should I spent finite bandwidth uploading to? BitTorrent uses a variety of <strong>Choke</strong> algorithms that reward peers that reciprocate bandwidth. Choke algorithms are typically some variant of a ‘tit-for-tat’ strategy, although rarely the strict bitwise tit-for-tat favored by later blockchain systems and others that require a peer to upload an equivalent amount to what they have downloaded before they are given any additional pieces. Contrast this with <a class="reference internal" href="ipfs.html#bitswap"><span class="std std-ref"><span class="target" id="index-8"></span>BitSwap</span></a> from IPFS. It is by <em>not</em> perfectly optimizing peer selection that BitTorrent is better capable of using more of its available network resources.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Piece Selection:</strong> Which pieces should be uploaded/requested first? BitTorrent uses a <strong>Rarest First</strong> strategy, where a peer keeps track of the number of copies of each piece present in the swarm, and preferentially seeds the rarest pieces. This keeps the swarm healthy, rewarding keeping and sharing complete copies of files. This is in contrast to, eg. <a class="reference internal" href="#SWARM"><span class="xref myst">SWARM</span></a> which explicitly rewards hosting and sharing the most in-demand pieces.</p></li>
@ -359,7 +361,7 @@
<li><p>Bittorrent Protocol Specification (BEP 3): <a class="reference external" href="http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0003.html">http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0003.html</a></p></li>
<li><p>Bittorrent v2 (BEP 52): <a class="reference external" href="http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0052.html">http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0052.html</a></p></li>
<li><p>Magnet Links (BEP 9): <a class="reference external" href="http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0009.html">http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0009.html</a></p></li>
<li><p>More on BitTorrent and incentives - <span id="id5">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id2" title="Bram Cohen. Incentives Build Robustness in BitTorrent. 2003-05-22. URL: http://bittorrent.org/bittorrentecon.pdf.">Cohen, 2003</a>]</span></p></li>
<li><p>More on BitTorrent and incentives - <span id="id5">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id3" title="Bram Cohen. Incentives Build Robustness in BitTorrent. 2003-05-22. URL: http://bittorrent.org/bittorrentecon.pdf.">Cohen, 2003</a>]</span></p></li>
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@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
<title>Dat/Hypercore - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
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@ -258,7 +260,7 @@
<article role="main">
<section id="dat-hypercore">
<h1>Dat/Hypercore<a class="headerlink" href="#dat-hypercore" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>Hypercore, originally known as the Dat protocol <span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id7" title="Maxwell Ogden. Dat - Distributed Dataset Synchronization And Versioning. 2017-01-31. URL: https://osf.io/nsv2c (visited on 2021-10-01), doi:10.31219/osf.io/nsv2c.">Ogden, 2017</a>]</span>, and apparently now known as HolePunch, is a p2p protocol designed for versioned transfer of large files.</p>
<p>Hypercore, originally known as the Dat protocol <span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id12" title="Maxwell Ogden. Dat - Distributed Dataset Synchronization And Versioning. 2017-01-31. URL: https://osf.io/nsv2c (visited on 2021-10-01), doi:10.31219/osf.io/nsv2c.">Ogden, 2017</a>]</span>, and apparently now known as HolePunch, is a p2p protocol designed for versioned transfer of large files.</p>
<section id="summary">
<h2>Summary<a class="headerlink" href="#summary" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
@ -420,5 +422,6 @@
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<title>IPFS - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
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@ -267,8 +269,16 @@
<section id="ipld">
<span id="index-7"></span><span id="id3"></span><h3>IPLD<a class="headerlink" href="#ipld" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
</section>
<section id="multiformats">
<span id="index-8"></span><h3>Multiformats<a class="headerlink" href="#multiformats" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://ipfs.io/ipns/multiformats.io/">https://ipfs.io/ipns/multiformats.io/</a></p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="index-9"></span>IPFS; Multihash - <a class="reference external" href="https://ipfs.io/ipns/multiformats.io/multihash/">https://ipfs.io/ipns/multiformats.io/multihash/</a></p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="index-10"></span>IPFS; Multicodec - <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/multiformats/multicodec">https://github.com/multiformats/multicodec</a></p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="libp2p">
<span id="index-8"></span><span id="id4"></span><h3>libp2p<a class="headerlink" href="#libp2p" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<span id="index-11"></span><span id="id4"></span><h3>libp2p<a class="headerlink" href="#libp2p" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
</section>
</section>
<section id="problems">
@ -287,7 +297,7 @@
<section id="overlap">
<h2>Overlap<a class="headerlink" href="#overlap" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><span class="target" id="index-9"></span>Merkle DAGs</p></li>
<li><p><span class="target" id="index-12"></span>Merkle DAGs</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="differences">
@ -357,6 +367,7 @@
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#summary">Summary</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bitswap">BitSwap</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ipld">IPLD</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#multiformats">Multiformats</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#libp2p">libp2p</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
@ -378,5 +389,6 @@
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@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
<title>Spritely/Goblin - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
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@ -287,7 +289,7 @@
<section id="references">
<h2>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id6" title="Christine Lemmer-Webber, Randy Farmer, and Juliana Sims. The Heart of Spritely: Distributed Objects and Capability Security. URL: https://www.spritely.institute/static/papers/spritely-core.html (visited on 2023-06-07).">Lemmer-Webber <em>et al.</em>, n.d.</a>]</span></p></li>
<li><p><span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id9" title="Christine Lemmer-Webber, Randy Farmer, and Juliana Sims. The Heart of Spritely: Distributed Objects and Capability Security. URL: https://www.spritely.institute/static/papers/spritely-core.html (visited on 2023-06-07).">Lemmer-Webber <em>et al.</em>, n.d.</a>]</span></p></li>
<li><p>OCapN - <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/ocapn/ocapn">https://github.com/ocapn/ocapn</a></p></li>
<li><p>Golem - <a class="reference external" href="https://gitlab.com/spritely/golem/blob/master/README.org">https://gitlab.com/spritely/golem/blob/master/README.org</a></p></li>
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@ -366,5 +368,6 @@
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@ -267,6 +269,14 @@
</ul>
<section id="containers">
<span id="id1"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.1. </span>Containers<a class="headerlink" href="#containers" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="admonition-title">Important</p>
<p>Ya this seems like the right set of ideas to build on</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-framing/">https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-framing/</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://w3c.github.io/rdf-canon/spec/#introduction">https://w3c.github.io/rdf-canon/spec/#introduction</a></p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Packets of LD-triplets that contain</p>
<ul>
@ -349,6 +359,24 @@
<li><p>A given triple can be contained by</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="canonicalization">
<h2><span class="section-number">5.6. </span>Canonicalization<a class="headerlink" href="#canonicalization" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://w3c.github.io/rdf-canon/spec/#introduction">https://w3c.github.io/rdf-canon/spec/#introduction</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://json-ld.org/spec/ED/rdf-graph-normalization/20111016/">https://json-ld.org/spec/ED/rdf-graph-normalization/20111016/</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-framing/">https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11-framing/</a></p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="compare-to">
<h2><span class="section-number">5.7. </span>Compare to:<a class="headerlink" href="#compare-to" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><span class="target" id="index-2"></span>CORAL - <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/jmchandonia/CORAL">https://github.com/jmchandonia/CORAL</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p>Good idea, also making use of extended context. Very focused on scientific data - ‘units’ are a core part of the model. distinction between static and dynamic data types seems like sort of a hack. data bricks are similar to containers. the source is an absolute mess.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
</article>
@ -412,6 +440,8 @@
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#schema">5.3. Schema</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#codecs">5.4. Codecs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#versioning">5.5. Versioning</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#canonicalization">5.6. Canonicalization</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compare-to">5.7. Compare to:</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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@ -269,7 +271,7 @@
<div><p>Every one knows that change is inevitable. From the second law of thermodynamics to Darwinian evolution, from Buddhism’s insistence that nothing is permanent and all suffering results from our delusions of permanence to the third chapter of Ecclesiastes (“To everything there is a season”), change is part of life, of existence, of the common wisdom. But I don’t believe we’re dealing with all that that means. We haven’t even begun to deal with it.</p>
<p class="attribution">—Octavia Butler, Parable of the Sower</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p>There is no such thing as a <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/Provider/Style/URI">Cool URI that doesn’t change</a>, and there is no such thing as a persistent identifier that lasts forever <span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="references.html#id4" title="John Kunze, Scout Calvert, Jeremy D. DeBarry, Matthew Hanlon, Greg Janée, and Sandra Sweat. Persistence Statements: Describing Digital Stickiness. Data Science Journal, 16(0):39, 2017-08-14. URL: http://datascience.codata.org/articles/10.5334/dsj-2017-039/ (visited on 2022-09-07), doi:10.5334/dsj-2017-039.">Kunze <em>et al.</em>, 2017</a>]</span>. All things change. Change can be because of practical reasons like running out of funding and shutting down the server, cultural reasons like shifting meanings of words, or larger shifts that render the entire domain that a thing is fixed in irrelevant. No matter how many layers of abstraction and redirection we want to create, there is no system that will for all time be able to unambiguously identify something on the web or elsewhere.</p>
<p>There is no such thing as a <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/Provider/Style/URI">Cool URI that doesn’t change</a>, and there is no such thing as a persistent identifier that lasts forever <span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="references.html#id6" title="John Kunze, Scout Calvert, Jeremy D. DeBarry, Matthew Hanlon, Greg Janée, and Sandra Sweat. Persistence Statements: Describing Digital Stickiness. Data Science Journal, 16(0):39, 2017-08-14. URL: http://datascience.codata.org/articles/10.5334/dsj-2017-039/ (visited on 2022-09-07), doi:10.5334/dsj-2017-039.">Kunze <em>et al.</em>, 2017</a>]</span>. All things change. Change can be because of practical reasons like running out of funding and shutting down the server, cultural reasons like shifting meanings of words, or larger shifts that render the entire domain that a thing is fixed in irrelevant. No matter how many layers of abstraction and redirection we want to create, there is no system that will for all time be able to unambiguously identify something on the web or elsewhere.</p>
<p>The appearance of persistence is a <em>social</em> phenomenon rather than a <em>technological</em> one. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Archive.org</span></code> continues to exist because many people actively keep it existing, not because of the architecture of their archive. Designing for permanence makes systems <em>fragile.</em> Instead we should design for <em>adapting</em> to change. Adapting to change is also a social phenomenon - I might misplace things, change how they are named, and tell you that the same URL means something different, or the same page goes by a different URL now. A newspaper might go out of business and its website might go offline, but someone might save a PDF of the original page and rehost it on their personal website. The tools we need look more like systems for renaming, declaring equivalence, translation, change, than they do an unalterable, permanent append-only blockchain thing.</p>
</section>
<section id="ambiguity-is-natural">
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<!-- Generated with Sphinx 6.2.1 and Furo 2023.05.20 --><title>Index - p2p-ld 0.1.0 documentation</title>
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@ -256,7 +258,7 @@
<section class="genindex-section">
<h1 id="index">Index</h1>
<div class="genindex-jumpbox"><a href="#A"><strong>A</strong></a> | <a href="#B"><strong>B</strong></a> | <a href="#C"><strong>C</strong></a> | <a href="#D"><strong>D</strong></a> | <a href="#E"><strong>E</strong></a> | <a href="#G"><strong>G</strong></a> | <a href="#H"><strong>H</strong></a> | <a href="#I"><strong>I</strong></a> | <a href="#L"><strong>L</strong></a> | <a href="#M"><strong>M</strong></a> | <a href="#P"><strong>P</strong></a> | <a href="#S"><strong>S</strong></a></div>
<div class="genindex-jumpbox"><a href="#A"><strong>A</strong></a> | <a href="#B"><strong>B</strong></a> | <a href="#C"><strong>C</strong></a> | <a href="#D"><strong>D</strong></a> | <a href="#E"><strong>E</strong></a> | <a href="#G"><strong>G</strong></a> | <a href="#H"><strong>H</strong></a> | <a href="#I"><strong>I</strong></a> | <a href="#J"><strong>J</strong></a> | <a href="#L"><strong>L</strong></a> | <a href="#M"><strong>M</strong></a> | <a href="#P"><strong>P</strong></a> | <a href="#R"><strong>R</strong></a> | <a href="#S"><strong>S</strong></a></div>
</section>
<section id="A" class="genindex-section">
<h2>A</h2>
@ -314,6 +316,8 @@
<li><a href="comparison/ld/ld_platform.html#index-1">Containers</a>
</li>
<li><a href="comparison/p2p/spritely.html#index-2">Content Addressing</a>
</li>
<li><a href="data_structures.html#index-2">CORAL</a>
</li>
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<li><a href="identity.html#index-0">Instances</a>
</li>
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<td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
<li><a href="comparison/p2p/ipfs.html#index-0">IPFS</a>
<ul>
@ -414,13 +416,35 @@
</li>
<li><a href="comparison/p2p/ipfs.html#index-7">IPLD</a>
</li>
<li><a href="comparison/p2p/ipfs.html#index-8">libp2p</a>
<li><a href="comparison/p2p/ipfs.html#index-11">libp2p</a>
</li>
<li><a href="comparison/ld/rdf.html#index-1">Multiaddr</a>
</li>
<li><a href="comparison/p2p/ipfs.html#index-10">Multicodec</a>
</li>
<li><a href="comparison/p2p/ipfs.html#index-8">Multiformats</a>
</li>
<li><a href="comparison/p2p/ipfs.html#index-9">Multihash</a>
</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></td>
</tr></table>
</section>
<section id="J" class="genindex-section">
<h2>J</h2>
<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
<td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
<li><a href="comparison/ld/rdf.html#index-4">JSON Schema</a>
</li>
</ul></td>
<td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
<li><a href="comparison/ld/rdf.html#index-2">JSON-LD</a>, <a href="comparison/ld/rdf.html#index-3">[1]</a>
</li>
</ul></td>
</tr></table>
</section>
<section id="L" class="genindex-section">
<h2>L</h2>
<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
@ -447,7 +471,7 @@
<h2>M</h2>
<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
<td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
<li><a href="comparison/p2p/ipfs.html#index-9">Merkle DAG</a>, <a href="data_structures.html#index-1">[1]</a>
<li><a href="comparison/p2p/ipfs.html#index-12">Merkle DAG</a>, <a href="data_structures.html#index-1">[1]</a>
</li>
</ul></td>
<td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
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<section id="R" class="genindex-section">
<h2>R</h2>
<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
<td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
<li><a href="comparison/ld/rdf.html#index-0">RDF</a>
</li>
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<h2>S</h2>
<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
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@ -259,7 +261,7 @@
<section id="p2p-ld">
<h1>p2p-ld<a class="headerlink" href="#p2p-ld" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>All of this is very work in progress :) plz do not rely on any of the descriptions or statements here, as they are all effectively provisional.</p>
<p>This site describes the implementation of the p2p linked data protocol in <span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="references.html#id8" title="Jonny L. Saunders. Decentralized Infrastructure for (Neuro)science. 2022-08-31. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07493 (visited on 2023-03-01), arXiv:2209.07493, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2209.07493.">Saunders, 2022</a>]</span></p>
<p>This site describes the implementation of the p2p linked data protocol in <span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="references.html#id13" title="Jonny L. Saunders. Decentralized Infrastructure for (Neuro)science. 2022-08-31. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.07493 (visited on 2023-03-01), arXiv:2209.07493, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2209.07493.">Saunders, 2022</a>]</span></p>
<section id="document-status">
<h2>Document Status<a class="headerlink" href="#document-status" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p><strong>23-06-08</strong> - Populating the <a class="reference internal" href="comparison/index.html#comparison"><span class="std std-ref">Comparison</span></a> section first to refresh myself on other projects, and starting to sketch diagrammatically in <a class="reference internal" href="sketchpad.html"><span class="doc std std-doc">Sketchpad</span></a>. The rest of the pages are just stubs to keep track of ideas before fleshing them out.</p>
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<section id="references">
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@ -259,6 +261,13 @@
<section id="translation">
<h1>Translation<a class="headerlink" href="#translation" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>A toolkit for writing translations between formats and schemas!</p>
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://linkml.io/schema-automator/introduction.html#generalization-from-instance-data">https://linkml.io/schema-automator/introduction.html#generalization-from-instance-data</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://apps.islab.ntua.gr/d2rml/tr/d2rml/">https://apps.islab.ntua.gr/d2rml/tr/d2rml/</a></p></li>
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