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<section id="rdf-and-friends">
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<span id="index-0"></span><h1>RDF and Friends<a class="headerlink" href="#rdf-and-friends" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
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<p>RDF is one of the elephants in the room when it comes to triplet graphs and linked data. Its history is complex and torrid, known as hopelessly and aggressively complex or a divine calling, depending on your disposition.</p>
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<p><strong>p2p-ld does not necessarily seek to be an RDF-based p2p protocol,</strong> though strategizing for interoperability with RDF and RDF-derivative formats would be nice.</p>
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<p>One of the primary challenges to using RDF-like formats is the conflation of URLs and URIs as the primary identifiers for schema and objects. This idea (roughly) maps onto the “neat” characterization of linked data where everything should have ideally one canonical representation, and there should be a handful of “correct” general-purpose schema capable of modeling the world.</p>
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<p>We depart from that vision, instead favoring radical vernacularism <span id="id1">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id14" title="Jonny L. Saunders. Surveillance Graphs. 2023-04-02T00:00:00+00:00. URL: https://jon-e.net/surveillance-graphs (visited on 2023-06-08), arXiv:hc:54749, doi:10.17613/syv8-cp10.">Saunders, 2023</a>]</span>. URIs are extremely general, and include decentralized identifiers like <span class="target" id="index-1"></span>multiaddrs</p>
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<section id="id2">
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<h2>RDF And Friends<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
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<p>RDF has a lot of formats and</p>
|
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<section id="json-ld">
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<span id="index-2"></span><h3>JSON-LD<a class="headerlink" href="#json-ld" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="challenges">
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<h2>Challenges<a class="headerlink" href="#challenges" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
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<section id="tabular-and-array-data">
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<h3>Tabular and Array Data<a class="headerlink" href="#tabular-and-array-data" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
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<div class="admonition important">
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<p class="admonition-title">Important</p>
|
||
<p>See <a class="reference external" href="https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/isg/challenges/sem-tab/">https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/isg/challenges/sem-tab/</a></p>
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</div>
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<p>The edges from a node in a graph are unordered, which makes array and tabular data difficult to work with in RDF!</p>
|
||
<p>This has been approached in a few ways:</p>
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||
<p><strong>RDF</strong> uses a <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">godforsaken <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rdf:first</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rdf:rest</span></code> linked list syntax</a></p>
|
||
<p>eg. one would express <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MyList</span></code> which contains the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Friends</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">["Arnold",</span> <span class="pre">"Bob",</span> <span class="pre">"Carly"]</span></code> in (longhand) turtle as</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-turtle notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">rdf:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span>
|
||
<span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><https://example.com></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">MyList</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Friends</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list1</span> <span class="p">.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list1</span>
|
||
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">first</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Amy</span> <span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">rest</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list2</span> <span class="p">.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list2</span>
|
||
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">first</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Bob</span> <span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">rest</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list3</span> <span class="p">.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">list3</span>
|
||
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">first</span> <span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Carly</span> <span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">rest</span> <span class="nn">rdf</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">nil</span> <span class="p">.</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>And thankfully turtle has a shorthand, which isn’t so bad:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-turtle notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">rdf:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span>
|
||
<span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><https://example.com></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">MyList</span>
|
||
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Friends</span> <span class="p">(</span>
|
||
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Amy</span>
|
||
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Bob</span>
|
||
<span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Carly</span>
|
||
<span class="p">).</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Both of these correspond to the triplet graph:</p>
|
||
<div class="mermaid">
|
||
flowchart LR
|
||
MyList
|
||
list1
|
||
list2
|
||
list3
|
||
nil
|
||
Amy
|
||
Bob
|
||
Carly
|
||
|
||
MyList -->|Friends| list1
|
||
list1 -->|rest| list2
|
||
list2 -->|rest| list3
|
||
list3 -->|rest| nil
|
||
list1 -->|first| Amy
|
||
list2 -->|first| Bob
|
||
list3 -->|first| Carly
|
||
</div><p>Which is not great.</p>
|
||
<p><strong><span class="target" id="index-3"></span>JSON-LD</strong> uses a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@list</span></code> keyword:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-jsonld notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@context"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nt">"foaf"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"</span><span class="p">},</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@id"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"http://example.org/people#joebob"</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"foaf:nick"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@list"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"joe"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"bob"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"jaybee"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
|
||
<span class="p">}</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>which can be expanded recursively to <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11/#example-84-coordinates-expressed-in-json-ld">mimic arrays</a></p>
|
||
<div class="sd-tab-set docutils">
|
||
<input checked="checked" id="sd-tab-item-0" name="sd-tab-set-0" type="radio">
|
||
</input><label class="sd-tab-label" for="sd-tab-item-0">
|
||
JSON-LD</label><div class="sd-tab-content docutils">
|
||
<div class="highlight-jsonld notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@context"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">"@vocab"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"https://purl.org/geojson/vocab#"</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"coordinates"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nd">"@container"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"@list"</span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"geometry"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">"coordinates"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">-10.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">-10.0</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">10.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">-10.0</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">10.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">10.0</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">-10.0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">-10.0</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
|
||
<span class="p">}</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input id="sd-tab-item-1" name="sd-tab-set-0" type="radio">
|
||
</input><label class="sd-tab-label" for="sd-tab-item-1">
|
||
Turtle</label><div class="sd-tab-content docutils">
|
||
<div class="highlight-turtle notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">@prefix</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">geojson:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv"><https://purl.org/geojson/vocab#></span><span class="p">.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="p">[</span>
|
||
<span class="kt">a</span> <span class="nn">geojson</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Feature</span> <span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="nn">geojson</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">bbox</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">-10</span> <span class="mi">-10</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="nn">geojson</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">geometry</span> <span class="p">[</span>
|
||
<span class="kt">a</span> <span class="nn">geojson</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">Polygon</span> <span class="p">;</span>
|
||
<span class="nn">geojson</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nt">coordinates</span> <span class="p">(</span>
|
||
<span class="p">(</span>
|
||
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">-10</span> <span class="mi">-10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span> <span class="mi">-10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">-10</span> <span class="mi">-10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="p">]</span>
|
||
<span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">.</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="naming">
|
||
<h3>Naming<a class="headerlink" href="#naming" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>All names have to be global. Relative names must resolve to a global name via contexts/prefixes. The alternative is blank nodes, which are treated as equivalent in eg. graph merges. Probably here enters pattern matching or whatever those things are called.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Blank nodes and skolemization <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/#skolemization-informative">https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/#skolemization-informative</a></p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="references">
|
||
<h2>References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/">RDF 1.1 Primer</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p>W3C Recommendation on generating RDF from tabular data: <span id="id3">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id16" title="Jeremy Tandy, Ivan Herman, and Gregg Kellogg. Generating RDF from Tabular Data on the Web. 2015-12-17. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/csv2rdf/ (visited on 2023-06-28).">Tandy <em>et al.</em>, 2015</a>]</span></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><span class="target" id="index-4"></span>JSON Schema in RDF: <span id="id4">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id2" title="Victor Charpenay, Maxime Lefrançois, and María Poveda Villalón. JSON Schema in RDF. 2023-06-14. URL: https://www.w3.org/2019/wot/json-schema (visited on 2023-06-28).">Charpenay <em>et al.</em>, 2023</a>]</span></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-turtle/">Turtle</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/">N-ary relations in RDF</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/">RDF 1.1 Semantics</a></p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<section id="libraries">
|
||
<h3>Libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#libraries" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/digitalbazaar/jsonld.js">jsonld.js</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/digitalbazaar/rdf-canonize-native">rdf-canonize-native</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/biolink/biolink-model">biolink-model</a> for a nice example of generating multiple schema formats from a .yaml file.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://linkml.io/">linkml</a> - modeling language for linked data <span id="id5">[<a class="reference internal" href="../../references.html#id10" title="Sierra Moxon, Harold Solbrig, Deepak Unni, Dazhi Jiao, Richard Bruskiewich, James Balhoff, Gaurav Vaidya, William Duncan, Harshad Hegde, Mark Miller, Matthew Brush, Nomi Harris, Melissa Haendel, and Christopher Mungall. The linked data modeling language (linkml): a general-purpose data modeling framework grounded in machine-readable semantics. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings, volume 3073, 148–151. CEUR-WS, 2021. URL: https://pure.johnshopkins.edu/en/publications/the-linked-data-modeling-language-linkml-a-general-purpose-data-m (visited on 2023-06-28).">Moxon <em>et al.</em>, 2021</a>]</span></p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p>Multidimensional arrays in linkml <a class="reference external" href="https://linkml.io/linkml/howtos/multidimensional-arrays.html">https://linkml.io/linkml/howtos/multidimensional-arrays.html</a></p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://incatools.github.io/ontology-access-kit/index.html">oaklib</a> - python package for managing ontologies</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib">rdflib</a> - maybe the canonical python rdf library</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="see-also">
|
||
<h3>See Also<a class="headerlink" href="#see-also" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.hydra-cg.com/spec/latest/core/">HYDRA vocabulary</a> - Linked Data plus REST</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/jmchandonia/CORAL">CORAL</a></p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
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||
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">RDF and Friends</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id2">RDF And Friends</a><ul>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#json-ld">JSON-LD</a></li>
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